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情绪、压力和心理qingxuyalihexinli

焦虑和焦虑障碍:B族维生素、藏红花提取物、益生菌

时间:2021-03-02 14:59 阅读:1537 来源:朴诺健康研究院

目  录

一、概述

二、引言

三、焦虑症类型

四、危险因素及相关条件

五、诊断

六、传统治疗

七、新兴的和新颖的治疗方法

八、饮食和生活方式干预

九、中西医结合干预

十、参考文献


一、概述

摘要和概述

  1. 焦虑症影响约18%的美国成年人。近29%的成年人在一生中会经历焦虑症。

  2. 焦虑症是一种多方面的障碍,因此必须加以解决,以实现症状缓解。

  3. L-茶氨酸、藏红花提取物、柠檬香脂、omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸和镁等营养素,结合健康的饮食习惯和压力管理技术,可以支持身体的压力反应机制。

什么是焦虑症?

焦虑是对压力的一种正常反应,它可以起到一个有用的作用:帮助我们避免出现威胁我们安全感的情况。另一方面,当所经历的焦虑程度与特定环境所造成的威胁不成比例时,焦虑症就会出现。

焦虑症有不同的类型,包括广泛性焦虑症、恐慌症、强迫症、恐怖症和社交焦虑症。

焦虑症是由大脑、身体应激反应网络甚至肠道微生物群之间的复杂相互作用引起的。

一些自然干预措施,如L-茶氨酸、某些益生菌、藏红花提取物和omega-3脂肪酸,可能有助于支持健康的应激反应,并减轻与刺激不相称的焦虑反应。

焦虑症的危险因素是什么?

  1. 焦虑症或其他精神疾病的个人或家族病史

  2. 性别——女性患焦虑症的可能性几乎是男性的两倍

  3. 慢性压力

  4. 年龄-尽管老年人可能会经历独特的焦虑,但大多数焦虑症都是在年轻时发展起来的

  5. 经历创伤或压力事件

  6. 生活方式因素,包括吸烟和饮酒

注意:患有焦虑症的人有更高的风险出现各种各样的精神和身体健康问题,包括抑郁或双相情感障碍、心血管疾病和糖尿病。

焦虑症的症状和体征是什么?

  1. 注意力难以集中

  2. 易怒

  3. 肌肉紧张

  4. 睡眠障碍

  5. 克服忧虑的困难

  6. 不同类型焦虑症的症状可能不同,可能包括惊恐发作、强迫行为、对社交活动的恐惧以及再次经历创伤事件。

焦虑症的传统治疗方法是什么?

  1. 认知行为疗法:

  2. 药物疗法:

    o一线抗抑郁药,包括选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)(如氟西汀[Prozac]和舍曲林[Zoloft])和5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRIs)(如度洛西汀[Cymbalta]和文拉法辛[Effexor])

    o二线抗抑郁药,包括三环抗抑郁药(TCAs)(如阿米替林[Elavil]和氯丙咪嗪[Anafranil])和单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOIs)(如曲尼环丙咪嗪[Parnate]和苯乙嗪[Nardil])

    o其他抗抑郁药,包括米氮平(Remeron)、曲扎酮(Desyrel)、维拉唑酮(Viibryd)和沃噻西汀(Trintellix)

    o苯二氮卓类药物,如安定、阿普唑仑和氯硝西泮

    o丁螺环酮(BuSpar)

    o羟嗪(维他利,阿他雷)

    o普瑞巴林(Lyrica),一种抗惊厥药物,对治疗焦虑也很有效

    o喹硫平,一种抗精神病药,对减轻焦虑症状也很有效

焦虑症有哪些新的治疗方法?

  1. 氯胺酮,一种对焦虑症也有效的全身麻醉剂

    o鼻内给药的氯胺酮衍生物,已被批准用于难治性抑郁症

  2. 阿戈美拉汀,一种人工合成的褪黑素

  3. 催产素

  4. 艾提伏辛(Stresam)

  5. 神经刺激技术

    o重复经颅磁刺激

    o迷走神经刺激

    o经颅磁刺激

    o脑深部刺激

什么样的饮食和生活方式改变可能对焦虑症有益?

  1. 足够睡眠

  2. 定期锻炼

  3. 适量摄入咖啡因

  4. 放松技巧,包括冥想和基于正念的认知疗法

  5. 吃健康均衡的饮食-地中海饮食已被证明可以减少情绪障碍

什么样的自然干预措施有助于焦虑症?

  1. B族维生素。维生素B是合成神经递质的辅助因子。B族维生素水平下降会导致同型半胱氨酸水平升高,而焦虑症的补充可能有助于降低同型半胱氨酸水平和缓解焦虑。

  2. L-茶氨酸。茶氨酸,绿茶和红茶中的一种氨基酸,已经被证明可以改善压力引起的焦虑、抑郁、睡眠问题,提高认知能力。

  3. 镁。镁缺乏与焦虑症有关。补充营养可能有助于减少焦虑。

  4. Omega-3脂肪酸。omega-3脂肪酸对健康有多种益处;它们已被证明能改善情绪和焦虑症状。

  5. 柠檬香膏。柠檬香膏可以抑制应激激素水平,促进神经发生。柠檬香膏和缬草的组合被证明能改善焦虑症状。

  6. 藏红花。藏红花提取物已在多项试验中证明,以减少焦虑,抑郁症状,改善心理健康。

  7. 益生菌。某些益生菌已被证明能改善与焦虑、压力和抑郁相关的行为和症状。

  8. 其他自然干预如褪黑素、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)N-乙酰半胱氨酸可能有助于改善焦虑症状。


二、引言

焦虑是一种正常和必要的情绪,它预示着潜在的伤害,帮助我们避免出现威胁我们安全的情况。焦虑症不同于正常或疾病相关的焦虑,因为情绪反应与威胁无关,或与威胁不成比例。1焦虑症是持久性的;焦虑症是干扰正常功能的能力;可以表现为广泛的认知、情绪、身体和/或行为症状,如恐惧,记忆力减退、心率加快、潮热、烦躁不安、睡眠障碍等。2,3

北美是世界上焦虑症患病率最高的地区。据估计,18%的美国人患有焦虑症,近29%的人在一生中的某个时候会患有焦虑症。4不幸的是,焦虑症常常被医生忽视或误诊为身体疾病,6据估计,大约40%的焦虑症和类似的疾病得不到治疗。7

有几种类型的焦虑症。其中包括广泛性焦虑症、恐慌症、恐怖症、社交焦虑症、分离焦虑症和其他不太常见的病症。3在某些情况下,焦虑是由药物、酒精或其他物质的使用或停用引起或加重的。8

焦虑症与环境、遗传和表观遗传因素之间的复杂相互作用有关。神经信号的某些模式和特定的大脑结构已经被确认在焦虑反应中起作用。据估计,遗传变异占焦虑风险的30%到67%,而其余的风险归因于环境因素,如创伤性生活事件。1焦虑与压力密切相关,早期生活压力和应激性生活事件可诱发焦虑症的发展,女性患焦虑症的可能性大约是男性的两倍。4,11

患有焦虑症的人患抑郁症和药物滥用的风险增加。1,11事实上,焦虑和抑郁同时发生的频率非常高,一些专家认为焦虑和抑郁混合是一种明显的障碍。6,12焦虑症还与一系列其他慢性病相关联,包括心血管疾病以及神经系统、代谢、内分泌、胃肠道、肌肉骨骼系统、自身免疫和呼吸系统疾病。3,13,14由于这些疾病可能导致与焦虑症状重叠的症状,因此准确诊断和适当治疗可能具有挑战性。6

社会支持、健康的应对技能和体力活动似乎对焦虑症有保护作用,而吸烟、酗酒和吸食大麻、对生活事件的负面看法以及某些与工作有关的因素则与风险增加有关,健康的饮食模式和放松练习有助于减少焦虑。16-18

焦虑症通常通过药物治疗、心理治疗或两者的结合来治疗。在心理治疗方式中,认知行为疗法最能证明疗效。1,6尽管药物治疗在许多情况下是有效的,但它们对大约三分之一的患者是不成功的。这可能是由于无法忍受的副作用或缺乏疗效造成的。19也许更令人不安的是,该领域的专家们仍在争论,普通处方药是否优于安慰剂。20对于广泛性焦虑症和惊恐障碍,研究发现,药物在较温和的情况下效果较差。21幸运的是,许多中西医结合干预措施已被发现可减少焦虑和改善情绪,包括omega-3脂肪酸、B族维生素、益生菌和L-茶氨酸,以及薰衣草、西番莲、卡瓦、藏红花和柠檬香脂等草药制剂22,23

在这个方案中,你将了解焦虑的根本原因,焦虑如何影响身体,以及压力、抑郁和焦虑之间的联系。您还将学习如何诊断特定的焦虑症,以及跨越常规、调查和综合疗法的治疗方法。


三、焦虑症的类型

自17世纪末现代精神病学诞生以来,人们就对焦虑现象进行了描述。24今天,美国精神病学协会出版的《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》(DSM-5)第5版对焦虑障碍进行了定义。包括广泛性焦虑症、惊恐症、广场恐怖症和其他恐怖症,以及社交焦虑症,以及主要影响儿童的分离焦虑症和选择性缄默症。虽然这些是不同的疾病,但它们有重叠的症状,经常同时发生。1

社交焦虑症

社交焦虑症(也称为社交恐惧症)的特征是在社交场合中由于害怕被审视、尴尬或拒绝而持续和过度的恐惧或焦虑。1,25,26除了过度的恐惧或焦虑外,社交焦虑的症状还可能包括脸红、手颤抖、恶心或尿急。1焦虑与实际情况不相符,会导致严重的困扰和长期的功能障碍,从而影响生活领域,如人际关系,工作和学校。25社会焦虑症通常在青春期出现,并且可以持续到成年而无需治疗。 它是最常见的焦虑症类型,一生中某个时候会影响多达15%的人。25,26据估计,多达90%的社交焦虑症患者会出现其他心理健康问题,例如重症 抑郁症,饮酒障碍和其他焦虑症。 社交焦虑症患者中存在其他精神疾病与更严重的症状,更低的治疗反应可能性,更多的功能障碍和更高的自杀风险相关,这使得识别和治疗这种疾病变得更加重要。25

恐惧症

恐惧症的定义是由特定的物体或情况引发的强烈恐惧或焦虑。1据估计,7.4%的人在一生中经历过恐怖症障碍。27恐怖症患者所经历的恐惧或焦虑与恐怖症所造成的威胁不成比例,导致慢性痛苦和功能受损。27,28恐惧症的例子包括27:

  1. 昆虫、蜘蛛或蛇等动物

  2. 自然情况,如高空或雷雨

  3. 血液、针头或医疗程序

  4. 其他情况,如飞机、电梯或封闭空间

广泛性焦虑症

据估计,美国成年人中有5.7%会在一生中的某个时候患上广泛性焦虑症,但它往往得不到诊断和治疗。29,30患有广泛性焦虑症的人会对日常生活产生过度的忧虑或担忧。虽然很多人会时不时地体验到广泛性焦虑,但当这种焦虑出现在超过六个月的时间里,难以控制,导致痛苦和功能困难,并伴有烦躁、疲劳等症状时,就会被诊断为广泛性焦虑症,注意力不集中,肌肉紧张,睡眠障碍。5,31

惊恐障碍

惊恐障碍的特点是反复出现意外的惊恐发作。惊恐发作是指突然出现的剧烈恐惧或不适,没有明确的触发因素,持续数分钟或更长时间。5,28身体症状,如心悸、出汗、颤抖、呼吸短促、胸痛、恶心、头晕、窒息、发冷、麻木或刺痛,惊恐发作时伴随着恐惧感。32心理症状,包括自我超脱感、发疯恐惧和死亡恐惧也会出现。1,5

分离焦虑与选择性缄默症

分离焦虑和选择性缄默症是主要影响儿童的焦虑障碍,但也可能发生在或持续到成年期。1,33,34分离焦虑症患者由于无法控制的恐惧或担心分离时会遭遇逆境,对与所依附的人分离产生持续强烈的焦虑。选择性缄默症是一种罕见的焦虑症,尽管有正常的语言技能,但在某些情况下仍不能说话。选择性缄默症通常发生在5岁前,常与其他焦虑症有关。28

其他焦虑症

还有其他特定和未指定类型的焦虑症不属于上述类别。其中包括:

  1. 广场恐惧症。广场恐惧症是一种恐惧症,表现为明显的恐惧和回避的情况或者是某个人在一个地方可能会陷入困境,无法逃脱,或是在这个地方无法得到帮助,或者感到尴尬。它通常发生在另一种类型的焦虑症的人身上,特别是恐慌症的人。广场恐怖症患者可能会避免使用公共交通工具,避免在开放空间、封闭空间或人群中,避免排队或独自离家。在严重的情况下,广场恐惧症患者会被困在家里。3,28

  2. 疾病焦虑症。疾病焦虑症于2013年首次被定义为涵盖一部分先前被诊断为疑病的患者。它的特点是过分担心患上或发展成一种严重的疾病,尽管体检和实验室检查结果正常,但这种疾病并没有得到缓解。对疾病的恐惧是持久和慢性的,表现为过度关注正常的身体感觉,或者频繁寻求保健或避免保健,并造成极度痛苦和损害日常生活。35

老年人的焦虑

焦虑症在晚年很常见,但往往得不到承认和治疗。它们经常与抑郁症、睡眠障碍和药物使用障碍一起发生,并可能加速老年人认知能力的下降,增加老年痴呆症、疾病和死亡的风险。最常见的晚年焦虑症是广泛性焦虑症,约占老年人的7%,而广场恐怖症估计约占老年人的5%。大约4%的老年人患有惊恐障碍。36,37

据报道,21%到85%的老年人害怕跌倒,这是这个年龄组特有的一种恐惧症。跌倒的风险随着年龄的增长而增加,某种程度的担忧是意料之中的;然而,那些对跌倒有恐惧的人有一种强烈的、消耗性的恐惧,这种恐惧与风险不成比例,干扰了日常生活。虽然过去跌倒被认为是一个危险因素,但对跌倒的恐惧在从未跌倒的人中也很普遍,可能是认知功能下降的标志。8,38一项试验的结果表明,采用心理疗法、运动疗法和家庭安全评估的治疗干预有助于减少受跌倒恐惧影响的老年人的恐惧和回避行为。39

老年人常见的各种疾病可能被误认为是焦虑症。这些包括神经、心血管、胃肠、内分泌或代谢紊乱,以及维生素B缺乏状态。重要的是,在诊断出焦虑症之前要排除这些因素。对于可能引起焦虑的药物也是如此,必须有一个完整的用药史。尽管治疗决定会因许多因素而有所不同,但一个有用的经验法则是首选非药理学方法作为第一种方法。这些可以包括改变生活方式、行为和认知疗法、正念练习和其他类型的基于活动的干预。使用药物时,选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)通常是一线治疗,而苯二氮卓类药物则是避免使用或短期使用,因为它们容易在老年人群中引起不良反应。37,40


四、危险因素和其他相关条件

焦虑症的风险与遗传和环境因素有关。45焦虑症家族史是一个重要的决定因素,因为焦虑症父母的子女患焦虑症的可能性显著增加。42女性患焦虑症的可能性几乎是男性的两倍。4,7此外,儿童时期的羞怯、早期或成年期的不利或压力事件、焦虑症或其他精神疾病的家族史都与风险增加有关。28某些人格特征也与焦虑症风险有关。具体来说,那些容易对压力反应不佳、将普通情况解释为具有威胁性、将小挫折理解为压倒性的特质与焦虑有关。1,47

尽管老年人经历了独特类型的焦虑,但大多数焦虑障碍始于儿童期、青少年期和青年期。2分离焦虑和恐惧症通常出现在儿童期,社交焦虑更常出现在青少年期或青年期;对于恐慌症和广泛性焦虑症,发病年龄通常在21岁到35岁之间。44

某些生活方式因素已被证明影响焦虑症的风险。吸烟尤其与焦虑症风险的增加密切相关。据报道,饮酒也与易患焦虑症有关。另一方面,强大的社会关系、积极的应对技能和体育活动似乎可以预防焦虑症。15

压力

早期生活应激、慢性应激、免疫激活和创伤性脑损伤都与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴的失调有关,并且在以后的生活中易患应激相关疾病。45 HPA轴和被称为杏仁核的大脑区域之间的交流起着主要作用,表现出焦虑作为一种精神障碍对压力的反应。46杏仁核参与情绪处理和解释与情绪相关的刺激。应激可改变杏仁核的结构和功能,46-48杏仁核神经元信号过活跃是主要焦虑症的一个一致特征。47

多种神经递质和激素,包括几个“神经激素”,履行这两个角色,涉及到压力,焦虑和杏仁核之间的相互作用。这些药物包括去甲肾上腺素、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子、5-羟色胺、多巴胺、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、糖皮质激素等。应激反应迅速激活HPA轴,部分是通过释放这些神经激素,然后激活杏仁核和促进焦虑。46,49-51

炎症的作用

慢性低水平炎症可能是焦虑症的驱动因素。在一些焦虑症患者的研究中,已经报道过炎症蛋白(如C反应蛋白和一些细胞因子)水平过高,炎症可能有助于维持焦虑相关症状。58-60

研究表明,炎性细胞因子影响与恐惧和焦虑相关的大脑结构(如杏仁核)的信号传导。58,59,61有人认为,炎症在机体对感染和损伤等急性攻击的反应中的作用也可能延伸到心理应激源,因此,压力可能会促进炎症反应。59应激经历和创伤,包括引发恐惧和焦虑的事件,会增加HPA轴的反应性,并促进促炎细胞因子的释放。52当这些应激源变为慢性时,HPA轴和免疫系统可能会失调。这是炎症、慢性疾病(如心血管和代谢疾病)以及情绪和焦虑障碍之间联系的一种可能机制。59

焦虑与肠道微生物群

肠道微生物越来越被认为是调节社会行为、情绪和疼痛敏感性的重要角色,可能通过影响杏仁核功能来实现。62,63来自临床前和临床研究的证据表明,肠道细菌产生神经递质、激素,以及其他影响大脑功能的炎症调节化合物,有助于应激反应以及精神和认知障碍的风险。64,65肠道微生物组与大脑之间的相互作用可能是慢性胃肠道疾病与焦虑和抑郁症状之间联系的基础。64,66因为在精神健康方面,使用饮食、益生菌和益生元补充剂来支持肠道内健康的微生物平衡对焦虑症患者可能有好处。67,68

女性荷尔蒙与焦虑

焦虑症对女性的影响大约是男性的两倍。69女性在青春期、经期前、怀孕和接近绝经期时等激素剧烈变化的时期更容易出现焦虑症或症状恶化。此外,如果妇女接受了摘除卵巢的手术,她们会有更高的长期焦虑风险。70,71雌激素具有神经保护作用,如降低大脑氧化应激和炎症,调节神经元的过度兴奋性,影响神经生长因子的产生。72

激素疗法已被发现可以降低接近绝经期妇女的焦虑和抑郁症状。一项研究发现,与未接受激素治疗的接近绝经期妇女相比,因摘除卵巢手术而提前绝经的妇女在接受激素治疗一个月后抑郁症状较少,在接受激素治疗三个月后焦虑症状较少。67另一项试验发现一种合成类雌激素药物和生物等效物雌二醇在改善自然绝经妇女的焦虑和抑郁方面同样有效。68其他研究报道,激素治疗对接近绝经期妇女情绪的积极作用通过与卡瓦提取物的草药治疗相结合而增强。75,76

有关更多信息,请参阅雌性激素恢复方案。

与焦虑相关的其他情况

焦虑与一系列心理和身体健康问题相关。疾病不仅常常导致焦虑,焦虑症患者更容易出现一系列精神和身体健康问题。14,77其中包括:

  1. 精神疾病。任何焦虑症患者随着时间的推移都有发展为另一种焦虑症的高风险。1焦虑症患者也经常有抑郁障碍或双相情感障碍。72与普通人群相比,焦虑症患者自杀更为常见。79

  2. 上瘾。研究发现,与没有这些症状的人相比,有物质使用障碍、病理性赌博和网络成瘾的人焦虑更为普遍。4

  3. 心血管疾病。焦虑症状和障碍经常发生在心脏病患者身上,并被发现与心血管疾病、中风和心脏病发作风险以及心血管疾病相关死亡的显著增加有关。18-25%的中风幸存者出现焦虑症。4,80-82

  4. 癌症。有癌症病史的人焦虑的患病率在15%到23%之间,晚期癌症患者的焦虑患病率更高。4

  5. 呼吸系统疾病。焦虑在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者中比在无COPD患者中更常见,并且与不良预后相关。83急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的幸存者焦虑的患病率也增加(见侧栏标题为“急性呼吸窘迫综合征后的焦虑”的方案)。4

  6. 糖尿病。糖尿病患者比非糖尿病患者更容易受到焦虑症的影响。4,77

  7. 认知功能障碍和神经系统疾病。焦虑经常发生在认知障碍的老年人以及他们的照顾者中,4并且似乎增加了痴呆症的风险。84焦虑障碍在帕金森病患者中也更为常见。71

  8. 自身免疫性疾病。焦虑症在类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)和多发性硬化症患者中更为常见。77,85,86

  9. 消化疾病。“焦虑的胃”——与压力或焦虑有关的消化系统不适是一个众所周知的现象。同样,焦虑症常与慢性功能性胃肠道疾病相关,如胃食管反流病(GERD)、消化不良和肠易激综合征。87-89研究人员指出,这种关系可能是双向的,消化和焦虑障碍相互促进。这可能反映了肠道和大脑之间的密切联系,主要由肠道微生物组介导。63,87,90肠道和大脑之间的这种密切联系被称为“肠道-大脑轴”,肠道微生物组和肠道相关神经元被称为“第二大脑”。85

急性呼吸窘迫综合征后的焦虑

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是一种以严重的肺损伤、炎症和低血氧水平为特征的危及生命的疾病。ARDS的幸存者可能会有持久的肺损伤和肺功能下降,整体健康状况下降,生活质量下降。86此外,许多人会经历长期的认知和情绪后果,包括焦虑,这进一步导致生活质量下降。92,93一项针对ARDS幸存者的研究表明,38-44%的人在出院两年后有焦虑症,26-33%的人有抑郁症,许多人在出院五年后仍然受到影响。经过一年的随访,焦虑和抑郁的发生率高达66%,92,94许多ARDS幸存者同时经历焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激障碍(与焦虑有关的一种情况)。92,94,95

虽然ARDS与存活者精神问题之间的关系尚不完全清楚,但长期低氧、应激反应的激活、炎性细胞因子的暴露以及镇静剂和其他药物的使用是可能的因素。既往抑郁史被认为易患ARDS后精神疾病。87在重症监护室、使用机械呼吸机和镇静剂的时间较长均与持续性心理影响的风险增加有关。96,97年龄较小、为女性和疾病严重程度也与更大的可能性有关ARDS后出现精神健康问题的风险。94,98有趣的是,长期使用皮质类固醇治疗可降低持续性精神症状的风险。98

2003年,一种被称为突发性急性呼吸综合征(SARS)的致命病毒性呼吸道疾病蔓延到29个国家,在7个月内影响了8000多人。99急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是SARS的并发症之一,也是其致命性的常见原因。在SARS幸存者中,令人震惊的是,64%的人在一年后仍报告有严重的心理问题。99 17年后,一种类似的病毒出现并导致了COVID-19大流行,伴随着ARDS病例和死亡人数的急剧上升。研究人员分析了从全世界40000多个病例收集到的数据,报告说焦虑是COVID-19疾病最常见的精神表现,影响了4.6%的患者在患病期间。100焦虑和其他精神健康障碍在患病后可能会持续存在,特别是在那些存活下来的与COVID-19相关的患者中并将加重心理健康问题所造成的负担,广泛而无情的心理困扰关系到社会大流行的威胁和现实。101,102


五、诊断

诊断焦虑症包括通过仔细的病史筛选,排除焦虑症状的其他原因,以及使用诊断调查。

筛选

尽管许多人不时地报告说他们在焦虑中挣扎,但那些焦虑症患者有慢性、过度、不可控制的症状,与刺激物不成比例,并因焦虑而经历某种程度的残疾,4 DSM-5建议医生使用以下筛选问题来确定焦虑症的可能性7

在过去的两周里,以下问题对你的困扰有多大?

o感到紧张、焦虑、害怕、担心或紧张

o感到恐慌或害怕

o避免让你焦虑的情况

其他的问题(见表1)已经被研究出来,以帮助确定具体的焦虑症。对于表现出轻微或更严重焦虑症状的患者,应评估其症状的原因和影响,并考虑使用诊断工具。

表1:特定焦虑障碍的筛选问题7

惊恐性障碍

你是否有突发的或出乎意料的强烈恐惧发作/咒语/攻击?

(如果是,请继续)

你有过不止一次这样的袭击吗?

这些攻击中最严重的部分通常在几分钟内达到顶峰吗?

你有没有经历过这样的袭击,并在接下来的一个月或更长的时间里生活在害怕再次袭击或担心袭击的后果中?

社交焦虑障碍

害怕尴尬会让你避免做事或和别人说话吗?

你是否避免以自己为关注焦点的活动?

你最害怕的是尴尬还是愚蠢?

广泛性焦虑症

在过去的四个星期里,你是否经常感到担心、紧张或焦虑?

你经常紧张,易怒,睡眠困难吗?

排除其他原因

焦虑是常见的症状,可能由多种疾病引起,例如心脏,肺,神经系统和精神疾病。 甲状腺功能亢进症也可能引起焦虑。2,7,13患者的病史,体格检查和基本的实验室检查可以帮助排除引起症状的其他医学疾病。 在某些情况下,如果症状不正常或需要对病史,检查和实验室的异常结果进行随访,则可能需要进行更复杂的诊断测试,包括额外的实验室工作,脑成像等。3

焦虑也可以由服用或停止某些药物和物质引起。其中包括:

  1. 咖啡98

  2. 酒精104

  3. 可可碱105

  4. 安非他明105

  5. 非处方减充血剂101

  6. 一些抗抑郁药102

  7. 一些心脏病药物103

  8. 类固醇104

  9. 支气管扩张剂(用于治疗哮喘)110

  10. 帕金森病药物106

  11. 左旋甲状腺素(合成甲状腺激素,用于治疗甲状腺功能减退症)107

  12. 苯二氮卓113

  13. 阿片类止痛药109

作为对焦虑症评估的一部分,应对使用和停用焦虑诱导药物和物质的完整历史进行回顾。7

诊断调查

汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAM-A)是医生在确定患者症状是否符合焦虑症诊断标准时最常用的问卷。贝克焦虑量表(BAI)被广泛用于焦虑症状的自我评估。其他焦虑评定量表已被开发并验证其检测焦虑症的能力。115针对儿童、青少年和老年人的工具也可用。8,116


六、传统治疗

焦虑症通常通过心理治疗、药物治疗或两者的结合来治疗。28这些方法的疗效已在多个试验中得到证明,并通过荟萃分析得到证实。117-120此外,心理治疗和药理学方法都显示出在治疗结束后长期存在的益处。一项对93项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,接受心理治疗的焦虑症患者在停止治疗后经历了长达两年的改善。接受药物治疗的患者在治疗后两年内表现出相似的持久性。尽管完成认知行为治疗后情绪改善倾向于增加,但停药后情绪改善倾向于下降,但差异无统计学意义。121然而,药物治疗存在不良副作用的风险,在某些情况下可能包括严重的戒断症状。122,123治疗的选择取决于焦虑症的类型和严重程度,以及患者的特征,如年龄、相关条件和治疗偏好。28

认知行为疗法

认知行为疗法是一种心理治疗方法,患者通过发展认知和行为策略来改变思维和行为的功能障碍模式。大量临床试验和荟萃分析表明,认知行为疗法可以改善广泛性焦虑症、恐慌症、社交焦虑症以及创伤后应激障碍和强迫症患者的症状,所有这些都属于焦虑相关障碍的范畴。120认知行为疗法被广泛用于治疗儿童和青少年的焦虑,并在许多严格的临床试验中被发现有效。124-127

一项荟萃分析发现,认知行为疗法导致51%的焦虑和相关障碍患者病情缓解。128使用正念(专注意识,无判断,目前)可能会为一些个体带来更大的治疗成功。129-131最近的研究发现,认知行为治疗策略的数字化交付可能有助于作为对个体治疗的补充。130 2017年的一项荟萃分析发现,在认知行为治疗的基础上增加药物治疗几乎没有什么附加作用益处。有一些证据表明,药物治疗对那些对认知行为疗法没有反应的人更有帮助。132总的来说,心理疗法和药物疗法对焦虑症的疗效大致相同,认知行为疗法在团体和个人环境中都是有效的。7

抗抑郁药

抗抑郁药被广泛用作治疗大多数焦虑症的一线药物,通常被认为与心理治疗一样有效。1,2,7然而,一些作者认为抗抑郁药治疗焦虑症的证据仍然模棱两可。例如,在广泛性焦虑症和惊恐障碍中,那些症状轻微的患者从抗抑郁治疗中获益甚微,潜在的危害可能大于益处。21对抗抑郁药治疗惊恐障碍的随机对照试验的详尽回顾得出结论,抗抑郁药可能比安慰剂更有效,但证据不足以坚定地建议在临床实践中使用这些药物。117一些作者发现,与安慰剂、心理治疗或锻炼相比,药物抗抑郁治疗几乎没有优势,所有这些治疗的不良反应风险更低。133,134

一线抗抑郁药。选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)和5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRIs)是两类抗抑郁药,是治疗成人焦虑症的一线药物。135,136它们的部分作用是通过增加大脑特定区域的5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素(也称为去甲肾上腺素)的可用性。117度洛西汀(Cymbalta)、文拉法辛(Effexor)、艾司西酞普兰(Cipralex、Lexapro)、舍曲林(Zoloft)和帕罗西汀(Paxil)是这类药物的例子,推荐用于广泛性焦虑、恐慌和社交焦虑障碍患者。然而,这些药物通常需要4-6周才能达到最佳疗效,并且会引起一些人无法忍受的副作用,如体重增加和性功能障碍,以及头痛、消化不良、失眠或镇静。

为了在患者、药物和剂量之间寻求合适的药物“匹配”,一个艰苦的尝试和错误的过程并不少见。132此外,停止这些类别的药物治疗通常会导致长期和严重的戒断综合征。122最近关于停止SSRIs和SNRIs相关的严重和持久性戒断综合征的报告,提出了关于这些药物在治疗焦虑方面优于苯二氮卓类药物(见下文)的假设问题。123

二线抗抑郁药。三环类抗抑郁药 (TCAs),如阿米替林(Elavil)、氯丙咪嗪(Anafranil)和多塞平(Silenor),是一类较老的药物,可以增加突触中去甲肾上腺素和5-羟色胺的水平(即神经递质通过的通讯神经元之间的间隙)。TCAs会引起一系列不愉快的副作用,如口干、便秘、视力模糊、镇静和体重增加。它们还可引起心律失常,使SSRIs和SNRIs成为治疗焦虑和抑郁的首选一线药物。136,137然而,TCAs可能在治疗对其他药物无反应的焦虑症患者方面发挥作用。136

单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOIs)的使用增加了多巴胺、血清素和去甲肾上腺素的脑突触水平。MAOIs也是一种较老的药物,在实践中已被具有更好安全性的药物所取代。然而,在对其他药物无反应的难治性病例中,有时仍建议使用MAOIs。136,137例如,曲尼环丙咪嗪(Parnate)和苯乙嗪(Nardil),MAOIs可引起与其他药物和某些食物的危险相互作用,并可引起副作用,如疲劳、低血压、口干,头痛、失眠、消化系统症状、体重增加和性功能障碍。137,138

二线抗焦虑药物

苯二氮卓类。苯二氮卓类是镇静催眠药,通过增加神经递质GABA受体的激活而起作用。这类药物包括安定、劳拉西泮、阿普唑仑和氯硝西泮。136苯二氮卓类药物起效快,通常用于短期使用。苯二氮卓类药物治疗焦虑症的受欢迎程度在过去几年中有所下降,因为它们有可能被滥用和上瘾。然而,苯二氮卓类药物或抗抑郁药物是否应该被普遍宣布为治疗广泛性焦虑症的首选药物仍然存在争议,140确定每个病人的最佳药物方案需要个体化的方法。苯二氮卓类药物可能有助于控制抗抑郁药开始使用后的前几周内的焦虑,因为抗抑郁药需要数周才能完全发挥作用。随着抗抑郁药开始生效,苯二氮卓类药物可以逐渐减少。140苯二氮卓类药物的常见副作用包括嗜睡、疲劳、头晕、出汗、口干、便秘和躁动。136,141

丁螺环酮。丁螺环酮(Buspar)是一种抗焦虑药物,主要用于治疗广泛性焦虑症。它似乎通过增加5-羟色胺受体的激活而起作用,但也会降低多巴胺的活性。136,142使用丁螺环酮的患者可能会出现不良副作用,如头晕、恶心、腹泻、头痛、神经紧张、失眠、视力模糊、意识模糊、虚弱、震颤、肌肉疼痛、麻木、胸痛和皮疹。此外,丁螺环酮与停药后可能持续的运动障碍有关。137

羟嗪。羟嗪(Vistaril,Atarax)是一种抗组胺药,几十年来一直被用于治疗焦虑相关疾病。尽管被认为对广泛性焦虑症比安慰剂更有效,但现有研究的低质量不允许将羟嗪作为一线治疗。136,143,144羟嗪可引起嗜睡、口干、头晕和头痛。144

其他药物

米氮平(Remeron)、曲唑酮(Desyrel)、维拉唑酮(Viibryd)和伏硫西汀(Trintellix)是具有复杂作用机制的抗抑郁药。这些抗抑郁药没有足够的证据支持其疗效,也没有被美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准用于治疗焦虑症,因此不是一线疗法。一般来说,它们的副作用与SSRIs和SNRIs相似。米氮平(Remeron)和曲氮酮(Desyrel)被认为具有镇静作用。维拉唑酮(Viibryd)和伏硫西汀(Trintellix)已被批准用于治疗重度抑郁症,但没有大量证据支持其用于焦虑症。136,137

普瑞巴林(Lyrica)用于治疗焦虑症,主要是广泛性焦虑症,并且在结构上与GABA相关。140在广泛性焦虑症患者中,发现普瑞巴林比SNRI文拉法辛更快地减轻症状,并且与苯二氮卓类药物一样有效。136,146然而,普瑞巴林的副作用包括体重增加、头晕、嗜睡、头痛、口干和视力扭曲。重要的是,普瑞巴林可引起依赖性,并与致命的过量用药有关,尤其是与其他药物一起使用时。136

奎硫平(Seroquel)是一种非典型抗精神病药物,主要用于治疗双相情感障碍和精神分裂症等精神疾病。小剂量奎硫平对广泛性焦虑症患者的焦虑症状有明显的缓解作用。喹硫平与体重增加和代谢性疾病有关,尽管这些问题在高剂量时更受关注。奎硫平没有被FDA批准用于治疗焦虑症,尽管这种非标签药物被认为是最有效的药物之一。136,146奥氮平(Zyprexa)和利培酮(Risperdal)是其他非典型抗精神病药物,有时用作非标签药物治疗焦虑症。141


七、新兴的新颖的治疗策略

许多用于治疗焦虑症的药物的疗效可疑,不良的副作用,或者两者兼而有之。因此,研究正在进行,希望能找到更安全、更有效的治疗焦虑症的药物。研究中的大多数新疗法都是药理学的。神经刺激,几十年来一直被认为具有积极的心理作用,是一种很有前途的非药理学研究方法。

药物疗法

氯胺酮。氯胺酮(Ketalar)是一种对中枢神经系统有广泛影响的药物,它抑制大脑中的谷氨酸受体,即N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体。虽然氯胺酮已被批准用作全身麻醉剂,但它在精神障碍,包括药物使用、抑郁症和焦虑症中的作用最近引起了人们的兴趣。氯胺酮静脉给药,但鼻腔给药的衍生物(esketamine[Ketanest])已被批准用于治疗顽固性抑郁症。142

据报道,氯胺酮可缓解社交焦虑症和广泛性焦虑症患者的症状。148,149一些证据表明,氯胺酮可引起神经元连接性和兴奋性的增加。149反复和长期使用氯胺酮的安全性仍在探讨中。不幸的是,由于氯胺酮的迷幻特性,滥用和依赖是令人担忧的问题。147-149

阿戈美拉汀。阿戈美拉汀(Valdoxan)是神经激素褪黑素的合成版本,在欧洲被批准用于治疗抑郁症,并显示出抗焦虑作用。149阿戈美拉汀激活褪黑素途径,在调节昼夜节律周期和血清素信号传导、影响睡眠和情绪方面发挥重要作用,还有可能增强神经发生和神经可塑性(形成新神经元连接的能力)。144,149三项随机对照试验发现阿戈美拉汀对广泛性焦虑症患者有效。这些试验还发现,与SSRIs和SNRIs相比,阿戈美拉汀具有副作用低、更好的临床反应和更快的起效。43,150阿戈美拉汀与大多数轻度至中度不良反应有关,包括头痛、头晕、嗜睡、疲劳和消化不良。它的长期安全性还有待探讨,但肝毒性的罕见病例已经被报道;然而,阿戈美拉汀似乎比目前许多治疗焦虑症的药物更安全。42,150

催产素。催产素是一种激素,在大脑中与压力、恐惧和焦虑有关的区域释放,包括杏仁核,在那里它通过减少神经元活动来抵消这些状态。催产素参与社会行为、情绪、生殖行为和应激反应;低催产素与焦虑增加有关。149,151催产素用于孕妇诱导子宫收缩。在广泛性焦虑和社交焦虑障碍患者的初步试验中发现,经鼻给予催产素具有快速的抗焦虑作用。催产素治疗焦虑症的证据是初步的,但它被认为是一个有希望的药物开发目标。149,151

艾提伏辛。艾提伏辛(Stresam)是一种抗焦虑和抗癫痫的药物,与苯二氮卓类药物一样,通过增加GABA受体的反应性,使神经系统安静下来。临床前研究表明,艾提伏辛还可以减少大脑炎症,增加促进神经可塑性因子的产生。初步试验表明,艾提伏辛可以减轻焦虑症状,而不影响记忆或警觉性,停药后也不会引起依赖、戒断症状或反跳焦虑。152,153艾提伏辛是20世纪60年代开发的,在许多国家上市,用于治疗焦虑症,但美国仍在调查这一用途。艾提伏辛可引起不良副作用,包括皮疹、结肠炎、肝毒性和异常子宫出血。149

迷幻疗法

迷幻药在全世界的宗教、娱乐和医学中有着悠久的应用历史。对其可能的治疗应用的研究可以追溯到20世纪40年代和50年代,当时麦角酸二乙胺(LSD)和化学物质psilocybin是著名的药剂师Albert Hoffer发现的“神奇”蘑菇的活性成分。154,155这些化合物已上市并提供给研究人员。对他们的神经和精神影响的调查沿着两条轨迹发展152

  1. 低剂量治疗,加强多疗程的心理治疗。这种方法被用来治疗焦虑症和其他一些精神疾病。

  2. 大剂量治疗可引发一种或几种转化经验。 主要在患有药物滥用障碍的患者中研究了这种方法。

针对非法制造、娱乐性使用、黑市分销和悲惨结局的案例,美国通过了1970年《管制物质法》,从而停止了对迷幻剂的研究。然而,人们对迷幻药的兴趣与日俱增,许多设计良好的对照试验正在进行或已经发表,包括来自马里兰州巴尔的摩市约翰霍普金斯大学的一个著名研究小组。154-157研究结果表明,在合格医疗保健提供者监督下,在受控环境下使用的迷幻药可能是焦虑和抑郁患者的一种有价值的治疗方式,尤其是癌症或其他危及生命的疾病患者,或与临终姑息治疗相关的患者。154,158

Psilocybin是一种生物碱化合物,与Psilocybe菌群中的蘑菇关系最为密切,但也存在于其他类型的真菌中。156它通过与血清素受体相互作用来改变感知、思想、意识,152两项针对晚期癌症患者的随机对照试验发现,单剂量或双剂量(第一次高剂量治疗,五周后再进行低剂量治疗)的psilocybin与心理治疗结合使用,可显著、持久地降低焦虑和抑郁。在单剂量试验中,将psilocybin加心理治疗与安慰剂加心理治疗进行比较。这两项试验的参与者报告说,平均而言,绝望感减少了,精神幸福感改善了,生活质量提高了,而且这些变化在治疗后持续了六个月以上。160,161在一项针对威胁生命的疾病患者的试验中,LSD辅助的心理治疗减少了焦虑,提高了生活质量,并在治疗12个月后产生影响情绪健康、习惯和世界观的持久益处。162

另一种迷幻剂亚甲二氧基甲基苯丙胺(MDMA,也被称为摇头丸),是积极研究的对象,作为治疗创伤后应激障碍的心理治疗的辅助手段。重要的是,在使用这些或其他致幻剂的临床试验中,经过仔细的筛选、准备和监督,已报道了有限的严重不良反应。164

用迷幻药治疗焦虑症目前仅限于研究环境,在任何情况下都不应在没有合格医疗机构监督的情况下尝试。如果研究继续证明这些疗法是安全有效的,以迷幻药为基础的治疗方案可能会变得更加普遍。

大麻与焦虑

大麻(或大麻)是世界上使用最广泛的精神活性物质之一。165随着推动非犯罪化和合法化的力度加大,了解大麻及其主要活性成分四氢大麻酚(THC)和大麻二酚(CBD)如何影响精神健康非常重要。166

大麻成分被称为大麻素,与人类神经系统中的内源性大麻素受体相互作用。165内源性大麻素是一种内源性信号分子,对大脑功能有许多重要影响,包括调节食欲、睡眠、记忆、学习、动机和痛觉。167,168大麻素受体遍布身体的各个部位,这表明大麻素的整体效应也超出了大脑。166有趣的是,慢性应激导致的内源性大麻素信号减少,与沿HPA轴的应激反应性增加和焦虑行为增加有关。170通过与内源性大麻素系统相互作用,大麻素在治疗一系列神经和精神疾病方面具有很大的治疗潜力。165,167,171

单剂量的THC已被证明能诱发许多急性精神病效应,如妄想和幻觉、情绪平缓、动机丧失和情绪变化,这些似乎都不受CBD的缓冲。166 THC、CBD及其联合应用的治疗潜力已成为许多临床前和临床试验的主题。对临床试验进行的一项大型荟萃分析发现,无论有无CBD,THC都能促进其他疾病患者焦虑症状的轻微改善,172而CBD本身在治疗广泛性焦虑症、社交焦虑症和药物使用障碍方面有一定的益处。173,174 CBD也被发现对健康志愿者有抗恐慌作用。172

尽管大麻在治疗焦虑症方面可能有用,但长期过量使用大麻可能会对精神健康造成严重危害,增加焦虑、抑郁和睡眠障碍以及精神病和自杀的风险。然而,应该指出的是,某种程度的反向因果关系可能解释了这一点:有情绪和心理障碍的人可能会转向大麻,希望找到缓解。一项研究发现,在习惯性过度使用大麻的人中,减少使用大麻会改善焦虑、抑郁和睡眠状况。176-178

据报道,单用CBD会引起轻微的副作用,如疲劳、腹泻、食欲和体重的变化,但总的来说有良好的副作用;然而,需要进一步的研究来了解长期使用CBD的影响。176

神经刺激

神经刺激技术已显示出作为独立治疗或与其他治疗方法联合治疗焦虑症的替代方法的前景。180这些治疗方法中的一些被认为是通过帮助神经网络的活动和功能正常化而起作用的,但关于其作用机制的基本问题尚不清楚未答复。178

重复性经颅磁刺激是研究最多的一种焦虑神经刺激方法,对广泛性焦虑症有积极作用。180它包括一个放在头皮上的磁线圈,产生磁脉冲来刺激大脑中的神经细胞。179经颅直流电刺激是另一种刺激方法神经刺激的一种类型,包括通过头皮上的两个电极通过特定的大脑区域传递非常小的电流(1-2毫安)。这种方法已被证明对焦虑症有效,但其作用机制尚未完全了解,证据表明,与药物和认知行为疗法结合使用时效果最佳。183

另一种抗焦虑的神经刺激是迷走神经刺激。迷走神经在杏仁核和其他参与处理焦虑情绪和生理方面的大脑区域中有联系,据报道,电刺激迷走神经可减轻惊恐障碍患者和其他具有焦虑成分的患者的焦虑症状。184,185这种神经刺激包括在左迷走神经周围植入电极,在锁骨下方植入脉冲发生器。由于可能的手术并发症,以及睡眠呼吸暂停的风险,早发或晚发的异常心律(在罕见的情况下可能是严重的),以及其他潜在的不良反应,迷走神经刺激的使用历来局限于严重和难治性病例。然而,经皮电刺激迷走神经的新技术目前正被探索为更安全、微创和更便宜的选择。184

脑深部刺激包括使用植入大脑的电极将电脉冲直接传递到特定的大脑区域,目前正在研究作为强迫症和创伤后应激障碍患者的一种治疗选择。深部脑刺激被批准用于多种疾病的治疗,包括晚期帕金森病。185,186尽管帕金森病患者的临床试验结果有些不一致,但深部脑刺激似乎能在一定程度上改善一些患者的抑郁和焦虑症状,一些初步的临床证据表明,脑深部刺激能够缓解各种情绪障碍的焦虑症状。190,191


八、饮食和生活方式干预

饮食

大脑的结构和功能在一定程度上取决于我们饮食中营养素的可获得性。192饮食成分可以影响影响大脑功能的许多因素,包括神经递质合成和信号传递、肠道激素的释放、肠道微生物群的组成和基因表达模式。饮食因素也调节成人神经细胞的形成,神经可塑性和脑免疫功能。所有这些因素都与心理健康和焦虑有关。192-194

富含植物多酚和多不饱和脂肪酸的健康饮食,以及维生素补充剂,可能有助于健康的认知、应激反应、神经炎症和情绪。192,195增加高热量和加工食品的摄入可能会增加儿童、青少年和成年期患焦虑症的可能性,动物研究发现,反复接触含糖丰富的食物会引起焦虑相关的行为。196,197另一方面,多酚等植物化学物质会促进健康的微生物群,进而调节抑郁和焦虑的神经炎症。198在许多研究中,饮食中富含水果和蔬菜的人,以及人们注意到,与水果和蔬菜摄入量低的人相比,浆果、柑橘和绿叶蔬菜等植物性食物的特定亚组具有更高水平的乐观主义和自我效能(对实现目标的能力的信心)和更低水平的情绪困扰,包括抑郁症状。199然而,在这些研究中,因果关系的方向很难解释。

健康的饮食模式与成年人更好的心理健康有关。200在老年人中,一项研究发现,以高饱和脂肪和糖为特征的饮食模式与更高的焦虑水平有关。16坚持地中海式饮食,强调水果、蔬菜、全谷类、橄榄油,在一项研究中,坚果、种子和豆类与焦虑症风险降低和总体情绪改善有关。对这项研究结果的分析表明,水果和蔬菜是与降低抑郁、焦虑的几率最密切相关的饮食成分,201对独立生活在老年护理社区的老年受试者进行的一项公开试验表明,他们更愿意坚持为期六个月的地中海饮食方案,并结合运动疗法,减少焦虑和抑郁,改善认知功能的某些方面。199

在许多研究中,人们注意到,与水果和蔬菜摄入量低的人相比,饮食中富含水果和蔬菜的人,以及浆果、柑橘和绿叶蔬菜等植物性食物的特定亚组,乐观和自我效能(对自己实现目标的能力有信心)水平较高,情绪困扰水平较低,包括抑郁症状。199然而,在这些研究中,因果关系的方向很难解释。

在大多数人中,喝咖啡与积极的情绪、健康的认知功能和整体幸福感有关。200然而,过量的咖啡因可能会增加焦虑和睡眠中断,尤其是对敏感人群。201因此,在焦虑症患者中,咖啡因摄入的益处和风险需要在个体基础上加以考虑。

研究表明,一些(但不是全部)乳糜泻患者可能会经历更高的焦虑症发病率;虽然采用无麸质饮食可能会减轻一些乳糜泻患者的焦虑症状,但其他人可能会因饮食的复杂性而增加孤独感和沮丧感。205,206最新证据不支持无麸质饮食对那些没有已知腹腔疾病的人减少焦虑的有用性。更多信息可在我们的腹腔疾病和非腹腔麸质敏感性方案中。

锻炼

运动和体力活动对焦虑症的保护和治疗作用已在许多研究中得到一致证明。207,208此外,运动可改善身体健康,并有助于降低与焦虑症相关的心血管问题的风险,包括高血压和早期死亡。209一篇综述指出,高强度有氧运动项目在减少焦虑方面比低强度项目更有效,尽管作者警告说,运动方案应根据每个人的需要进行精心调整,以减少半途而废的风险

睡眠

睡眠障碍和失眠是整个生命周期焦虑症的共同特征,睡眠和焦虑之间的关系可能是双向的。211-213事实上,睡眠中断是包括广泛性焦虑症在内的多种情绪障碍的诊断标准之一,临床前研究表明,昼夜节律(昼夜-觉醒-睡眠周期)的中断会导致类似焦虑的反应。211睡眠不良会促进或加强功能失调的思维模式和情绪调节障碍。215,216这强调了识别和治疗睡眠障碍的根本原因的重要性,如不宁腿综合征.214

良好的睡眠卫生可以减少焦虑,改善整体身心健康,而不良的睡眠卫生会加重失眠,降低睡眠质量。睡眠卫生包括保持一个一致的睡眠-觉醒时间表;限制饮食,屏幕时间和睡前刺激活动;限制非睡眠时间在床上;避免午睡。结合放松练习和认知疗法也可能有助于促进睡眠。17,218睡眠支持的个体化方法可能导致最佳结果。219

放松

冥想和放松对情绪有独特的影响,可能是对其他减轻焦虑症患者症状的策略的有益补充。对16项使用放松疗法治疗焦虑症的随机对照试验进行的荟萃分析发现,这些疗法可以减少焦虑症患者的抑郁、恐惧和担忧。18冥想、减压,在多项研究中发现,基于正念的认知疗法有助于改善焦虑症患者的情绪,减少焦虑症状。这些疗法强调平静心灵,将注意力引向当下的体验。220-222瑜伽也可能是治疗焦虑症的整体方法的有益部分。217

户外活动和接触大自然

焦虑在生活在城市中心的人中更为常见,越来越多的证据表明这可能不是巧合。223,224脑成像研究表明,城市生活影响大脑处理社会信息和压力,与大脑杏仁核的激活有关。224夜间照明和城市生活特有的活动也可能干扰正常的昼夜节律周期,并导致功能失调的压力信号。222其他环境因素,如工业活动和交通,与情绪困扰增加有关。226

进入自然环境,尤其是那些有大量树冠或水体的环境,与较低的焦虑和抑郁率有关。226,227在一项研究中,欧洲城市居民报告说,在户外自然环境中只接触10分钟,情绪就有所改善。228许多研究表明,即使是在城市环境中,园艺对整体健康也有积极影响,可以提高心理、身体和社会福利。


九、中西医结合干预

L-茶氨酸

L-茶氨酸是绿茶和红茶中的一种氨基酸,摄入后很容易穿过血脑屏障。230 L-茶氨酸有良好的放松作用,并发现L-茶氨酸可以减轻压力和焦虑症状,改善认知能力的某些方面。230,231一些研究表明,L-茶氨酸似乎对大脑化学有复杂的影响,表明它增加GABA水平,调节多巴胺和5-羟色胺水平,影响参与神经兴奋的NMDA谷氨酸受体的功能,并增加脑源性神经营养因子(一种刺激神经生长和神经元间连接的蛋白质)的水平。230,232-234

在30名健康志愿者中进行的一项对照试验发现,每天服用200毫克L-茶氨酸,持续四周,可以改善压力引起的焦虑、抑郁和睡眠问题,提高认知能力。235学生在挑战前一周和挑战期间10天每天饮用含约15毫克L-茶氨酸的低咖啡因绿茶,与安慰剂相比,他们感受到的压力和应激反应的激活更少。236在一项安慰剂对照试验中,46名广泛性焦虑患者接受了安慰剂对照试验在抗抑郁药物治疗中,每天450-900毫克的L-茶氨酸可改善轻度睡眠相关症状患者的睡眠满意度,降低失眠的严重程度。237 L-茶氨酸还可减轻重度抑郁症和精神分裂症患者的焦虑症状。238,239对9项对照试验结果的系统回顾得出结论,每天200-400毫克的L-茶氨酸有助于减轻处于应激状态的人的压力和焦虑。240

柠檬香膏

柠檬香膏(Melissa officinalis)是薄荷植物家族的一员,历史上用于治疗焦虑、抑郁和认知问题。241在一项开放性临床试验中,20名具有高感知压力水平和轻度至中度焦虑和睡眠障碍的受试者每天服用两剂300毫克的柠檬香膏提取物,为期15天;在研究结束时,70%的受试者经历了焦虑症状的缓解,85%的受试者经历了睡眠症状的缓解,70%的受试者经历了焦虑和睡眠问题的恢复。239安慰剂对照试验表明,柠檬香膏可以有效降低心悸和心绞痛患者的焦虑。243,244另一项包括100名患有经前期综合征的青春期女孩的试验发现,每天服用600毫克柠檬香膏,持续三个月,比安慰剂更有效地减少焦虑和睡眠困难,改善社交能力。245

藏红花

藏红花(番红花)是一种开花植物,因其烹饪用途和独特的颜色而闻名。藏红花提取物已在多个临床试验和综述中报道,以减少焦虑和抑郁症状,改善心理健康,并证明其疗效与目前使用的抗抑郁药相当。246-250在一个安慰剂对照试验中,包括60名焦虑和抑郁的参与者,每天服用50毫克藏红花,持续12周,可降低焦虑和抑郁症状测试的得分。248在另一项试验中,同样有轻度至中度焦虑和抑郁症状的2型糖尿病患者每天服用30毫克藏红花提取物或安慰剂,持续8周。在试验结束时,服用藏红花的患者症状明显减轻,睡眠得到改善。252试验还报告了藏红花与其他草药提取物(包括红景天和姜黄提取物)联合使用的良好效果。253,254

益生菌

目前已经证实,肠道微生物群对大脑功能有着深远的影响,在调节情绪方面发挥着重要作用。255越来越多的证据支持益生菌治疗情绪障碍,导致一些人使用“心理生物素”来描述这些有益微生物。256-258一些对照试验表明,含有乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌菌株的益生菌补充剂可以改善焦虑,包括压力引起的焦虑。259在66名健康受试者的安慰剂对照试验中,益生菌组合L.helveticus R0052和B.longum R0175,每天30亿菌落(CFU)的剂量,持续30天,减少了焦虑和抑郁的测量。260对该研究数据的第二次分析显示,这种益生菌配方降低了感知压力和焦虑和抑郁症状,即使是在那些患有最低压力水平(由尿皮质醇决定),表明它可能对健康人的心理健康有保护作用。258在一项安慰剂对照试验中,12周补充混合益生菌,每天提供1350亿CFU,导致那些具有被认为可能与增加心境障碍风险相关的遗传模式的人在焦虑测试中的得分降低。262中等压力水平的健康成年人在12周内每天服用10亿CFU植物乳杆菌DR7,压力和焦虑得分降低,与安慰剂组比较,减少了炎症反应细胞因子和应激激素水平。263在一项针对健康大学生的随机对照试验中,益生菌减少焦虑症状,对基线抑郁分数较高的学生更有效。264另一项试验发现,在准备考试的医学生中,服用热灭活的L.gasseri补充剂24周每天提供100亿个细菌,比安慰剂更好地减少焦虑症状和改善睡眠。265

ω-3脂肪酸

在鱼类中发现的ω-3脂肪酸,二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA),是大多数细胞膜的组成部分。DHA是神经细胞中占主导地位的多不饱和脂肪酸,对正常的神经系统功能至关重要,可以直接食用,也可以由EPA在体内合成。Omega-3脂肪酸具有抗炎特性,在大脑中,它可以抑制应激反应的激活,有助于缓解焦虑和抑郁症状。42,266一项对照试验的回顾和荟萃分析指出,证据支持Omega-3脂肪酸的作用,剂量为每天2000毫克或更高,减少各种临床疾病患者的焦虑。267

与健康人相比,社交焦虑症患者红细胞膜中的omega-3脂肪酸水平较低,268在一项针对抑郁症患者的研究中,焦虑症患者的血浆EPA和DHA水平低于无焦虑症患者。269多项研究发现,补充omega-3脂肪酸可以减轻焦虑症状。在一项包含68名医学生的安慰剂对照试验中,每天服用2085毫克EPA和348毫克DHA,持续12周,焦虑症状减少了20%,炎症标志物水平也降低了。270在一项安慰剂对照试验中,重度抑郁症患者的焦虑症状减少了20%,与服用SSRI和安慰剂的患者相比,在服用SSRI的同时服用omega-3脂肪酸的患者在12周后焦虑敏感性更低,睡眠和情绪调节也得到改善。271其他随机对照试验发现,补充EPA和DHA可以减轻心脏病患者,272有经前综合征的妇女,273和有药物滥用史的个人焦虑症状。274-276

复合维生素和复合B族维生素

B族维生素是全身许多生化途径的关键辅助因子,包括神经递质的合成。众所周知,低水平的B族维生素会导致神经和心理障碍。277,278在一项针对老年人的研究中,维生素B6水平低与焦虑症状增加有关。279另一项研究发现,在急诊室就诊的恐慌症患者比健康志愿者维生素B6水平低的可能性更大。277

对对照试验的荟萃分析得出结论,补充维生素和矿物质,特别是补充维生素B,可以降低感知的压力水平,减少轻度焦虑,改善整体情绪。281在健康成年人中,每周在家评估,评估超过16周的结果显示,与对照组相比,服用复合维生素的人减少了压力和焦虑。282一项包括60名抑郁症患者的安慰剂对照试验发现,服用甲基化维生素B复合物补充剂60天可以减少抑郁和焦虑,改善生活质量。280

镁具有多种功能,可能有助于缓解压力和焦虑情绪,包括调节HPA轴活动和降低神经元的兴奋性。284低镁状态可能与焦虑风险增加有关,尤其是女性。一项针对伊朗受试者的研究发现,镁摄入量最高的妇女与镁摄入量最低的妇女相比,焦虑风险降低39%。285一项针对126名轻中度抑郁症患者的对照试验发现,补充氯化镁,每天提供248毫克元素镁,六周后,抑郁和焦虑症状量表得分下降。283对临床试验的系统回顾发现,有证据表明,镁单独或与维生素B6或草药提取物联合使用,可减轻轻度至中度焦虑、经前期综合征患者的焦虑症状,或高血压。287 L-苏氨酸镁是镁的一种氨基酸结合形式,已被发现在焦虑动物模型中对提高大脑镁水平、促进神经可塑性和抑制恐惧反应特别有效。288,289

L-色氨酸和5-羟基色氨酸(5-HTP)

L-色氨酸是肠和脑产生5-羟色胺所必需的氨基酸和前体。287它被认为在肠和脑之间的交流中起着重要作用。292在急性应激的健康成年人中,L-色氨酸转化为5-羟色胺的效率已被证明较低。293

几十年来,L-色氨酸一直用于提高血清素水平,以改善情绪和睡眠。290对11项对照试验结果的系统回顾发现,每天剂量高达3克的L-色氨酸可以减少健康人的焦虑,增加积极情绪。291

5-羟基色氨酸(5-HTP)是5-羟色胺的直接前体。人们主要研究了5-HTP的抗抑郁作用,292一些研究表明5-HTP对焦虑症也有帮助。在一项安慰剂对照试验中,惊恐障碍患者服用200mg 5-HTP后对惊恐诱导刺激的反应较少。297 5-HTP对惊恐和其他焦虑障碍患者的有益作用也有报道。298,299此外,5-HTP的剂量为200-400mg/天,已经发现可以减少纤维肌痛综合征患者的焦虑症状。300,301大多数关于精神疾病背景下5-HTP的研究质量值得怀疑,因此有必要进行进一步的严格研究。302

褪黑素

褪黑素是大脑中产生的一种激素,参与昼夜节律的调节,并对情绪、疼痛和睡眠产生影响。303临床前研究表明,褪黑素受体参与焦虑、抑郁和睡眠障碍的机制。304

大量确凿的证据表明,褪黑素有助于促进睡眠,并对一系列精神、神经和身体状况的改善具有很大的前景。305-307在多个安慰剂对照试验中发现褪黑素可减少术前和术后焦虑。305,308基于褪黑素和褪黑素受体发挥作用的证据在焦虑中的重要作用,褪黑素类药物阿戈美拉汀,已被提出作为一种新兴的治疗焦虑症的药物(见新兴的和新颖的治疗)。

N-乙酰半胱氨酸

N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)是氨基酸半胱氨酸的前体,半胱氨酸是人体主要抗氧化剂之一谷胱甘肽的氨基酸成分。它还具有固有的自由基猝灭能力和抗炎特性

对患有创伤后应激障碍和药物使用障碍的退伍军人进行的一项安慰剂对照试验发现,每天服用2400毫克NAC,同时接受认知行为治疗8周,可以减少心理症状和食欲;其中许多效果在治疗结束后一个月仍很明显。309一些试验也注意到,NAC的使用与强迫症和相关疾病患者的强迫症和强迫行为的减少有关,这些患者有大量的焦虑成分。310,311此外,对照试验表明,NAC可减轻一系列心境障碍患者的抑郁症状。312

薰衣草

薰衣草是薄荷科的一种植物,以其特有的香味而闻名。薰衣草在欧洲被批准用作治疗焦虑和压力的植物药,它的精油也被用于同样条件下的芳香疗法。它似乎通过激活副交感神经系统来促进放松、影响血清素信号和降低神经兴奋性而发挥作用。313,314薰衣草的芳香疗法应用可能对立即缓解症状更有效,但口服薰衣草制剂在长期治疗中似乎有更好的疗效。315

一项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,薰衣草芳香疗法可以减少焦虑,降低收缩压,降低心率,降低唾液皮质醇水平(一种被激活的应激反应的量度)。316它对焦虑症状的积极影响已经在不同的环境中得到证实,包括癌症护理期间、重症监护期间、牙科或其他手术期间以及健康志愿者。尽管有这些发现,更好的薰衣草治疗焦虑症的试验仍然需要进行。317-319在对四项临床试验的回顾中发现,芳香疗法和薰衣草制剂的补充都可以改善更年期妇女和老年妇女的睡眠困难和其他更年期症状。320在一项60名老年参与者的对照试验中,每天喝两次薰衣草茶,持续两周,可以减少焦虑和抑郁的症状。317喝茶可以结合薰衣草的芳香疗法和内部药物作用。

Silexan是一种标准化的薰衣草花精油产品,目前在德国被批准用于治疗焦虑相关的躁动。许多临床试验已经研究了silexan对焦虑症、亚临床焦虑症和与焦虑相关的症状,如睡眠困难的作用。322一项临床试验的结果表明,其促进睡眠的能力与其镇静作用有关,不如说与抗焦虑作用有关。323五项随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,645名焦虑症患者接受了9-12周的silexan治疗与标准SSRI(帕罗西汀)相比,80 mg/天的silexan在减轻症状方面同样有效,160 mg/天更有效。322另一项荟萃分析包括三项随机对照试验,其中697名焦虑低于焦虑症诊断阈值的患者接受80 mg/天的silexan治疗10周;研究发现,治疗在减少焦虑和改善睡眠方面比安慰剂更有效。324

西番莲

西番莲(Passiflora importanata)是西欧草药中的一种重要草药,传统上用于治疗焦虑、睡眠障碍和烦躁不安。325,326西番莲具有与增强GABA信号相关的温和镇静作用。327

在一项随机对照试验中,对36例广泛性焦虑症患者进行了西番莲与苯二氮卓(奥沙西泮[Serax])的比较,发现这两种治疗都能减轻焦虑症状;然而,尽管奥沙西泮起效更快,但他有更大的负面影响。328发现西番莲在牙科手术前缓解焦虑方面也与苯二氮卓类药物咪达唑仑(Versed)一样有效。329其他对照试验发现西番莲可以在其他类型的手术前降低焦虑。330-332在一项对照试验中发现,睡前喝西番莲茶是有效的,在改善轻度睡眠障碍受试者的睡眠方面比安慰剂更有效。329

缬草

缬草(valerianaofficinalis)是一种药用植物,长期以来一直被用作温和的镇静剂,用于治疗躁动和焦虑。缬草中的活性化合物似乎通过与GABA受体相互作用发挥舒张作用。334

在一项针对31名强迫症患者的安慰剂对照试验中,每天765毫克缬草提取物持续8周,有效地改善了症状,发现500mg剂量的缬草提取物也可以降低即将接受侵入性妇科诊断程序的妇女的焦虑。332一些额外的研究得出结论,缬草在不同的环境下具有适度的抗焦虑和放松作用。337-340

γ-氨基丁酸

在神经系统中,γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)是一种神经递质,是神经信号传递的主要抑制剂。苯二氮卓类药物,有时用于治疗焦虑和压力相关疾病,靶向某些GABA受体。342

在一项临床研究中,口服GABA补充剂被发现能在一小时内增加健康志愿者大脑中的α波活性,降低β波活性,表明GABA能引起放松和减少焦虑。343一项对63名成年人进行的安慰剂对照试验发现,在完成一项精神任务前30分钟服用100毫克GABA可减少大脑活动中与压力有关的变化。344一项对10名有轻度睡眠问题的健康受试者进行的随机对照试验发现,在睡前30分钟服用100毫克GABA,持续一周与安慰剂相比,睡眠时间缩短,睡眠质量提高。341由于睡眠问题、压力和焦虑经常同时发生,GABA可能有助于治疗这类疾病。

赖氨酸和精氨酸

在动物模型中,必需氨基酸L-赖氨酸已被证明与5-羟色胺和GABA受体相互作用,单独或与L-精氨酸联合使用可改善焦虑。346,347赖氨酸抗焦虑特性的另一潜在作用机制是降低皮质醇和神经张力。在一项随机对照研究中,用赖氨酸强化小麦可降低男性的慢性焦虑,降低女性对应激事件的皮质醇反应。350在另一项随机对照试验中,29名具有焦虑个性的健康个体分别用3克赖氨酸和L精氨酸治疗10天,然后暴露在社会压力之下。应激激素水平提高了,参与者管理压力的能力也提高了。351在一项安慰剂对照试验中,招募了107名健康志愿者,每天服用2.64克赖氨酸和L-精氨酸,持续一周,男性和女性的应激性焦虑和焦虑总体上都有所降低。氨基酸组合也降低了生理应激的标记物. 347

卡瓦

卡瓦(胡椒)是黑胡椒科的一种植物,原产于南太平洋,几个世纪以来一直被用作松弛剂。卡瓦似乎针对杏仁核和其他涉及恐惧和担忧的大脑区域,并可能通过改变神经递质信号来促进放松。348一些对照试验的荟萃分析发现,卡瓦在使用长达24周时,有效且安全地减轻焦虑症状。352-355一项临床试验回顾发现,在患者中对于广泛性焦虑症,卡瓦提取物每天提供120-280毫克的卡瓦内酯(卡瓦的生物活性化合物),持续4-8周是安全的,可以减轻症状。352

注:在极少数情况下,使用卡瓦会产生严重的副作用,包括皮肤反应、认知问题和肝损伤,因此应仔细监测其使用情况。357,358

其他草药疗法

许多草药因其对神经系统的放松作用而受到重视。在安慰剂对照试验中,一种草药含有山楂(山楂)和加利福尼亚罂粟(Eschscholzia californica)的提取物以及镁,被发现对轻度到中度的广泛性焦虑患者有益。359 Galphimia(Galphimia glauca)是一种墨西哥草药,传统上用于治疗焦虑和抑郁以及焦虑症其他条件的范围。三项动物试验证实了组成的galphimines和相关化合物的抗焦虑作用。三个随机对照临床试验比较了galphimia提取物与焦虑药物,SSRI或苯二氮卓。所有三个试验都表明,galphimia的疗效与处方药相当或优于处方药。360,361草药提取物,如洋甘菊(Matricicaria recutita)、菩提花(如紫椴)、啤酒花(Humulus lupulus)、薄荷、黑升麻(Cimicifuga racemosa)、柠檬马鞭草(Aloysia citriodora),荆芥(Vitex agnus castus)可能有助于治疗焦虑及相关症状。22,23,362


本文提出了许多问题,这些问题可能会随着新数据的出现而发生变化。 我们建议的营养或治疗方案均不用于确保治愈或预防任何疾病。Piping Rock健康研究院没有对参考资料中包含的数据进行独立验证,并明确声明对文献中的任何错误不承担任何责任。


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